Labor in Society :: Psychology Marx Capitalism Essays

Labor in Society The vision of hustling bodies performing their simple tasks in seemingly infinite repetition as part of a project too large to be understood from the particular action pervades our world to the extent that it becomes hard to imagine life without it. Indeed, the vision offers a larger narrative into which all of our experiences can fit, as if we were always just minor contributors to grand projects, where the only question is whether or not the projects are good. Marx considers this division of labor as it presents itself in society, in the form of social roles and subgroup responsibilities, as opposed to a seemingly similar order in capitalist factory organization. As a part of his wider critique of capitalism, Marx makes a distinction between the division of labor in society and in production, then uses the distinction to make capitalism appear merely contingent and vulnerable to substantial criticism. Marx delineates between the division of labor in society and in manufacture. He argues that many (or most) societies are structured with different roles for different people, â€Å"caused by differences of sex and age, a division that is consequently based on a purely physiological function† (Cap 392). This is because â€Å"different communities find different means of production †¦ which †¦ calls forth the mutual exchange of products† (Cap 393). An example might be that young men hunt and other groups perform other duties, and the community will share these goods. On the other hand, Marx claims that the division of labor in manufacture is purely a construct of capitalism. First, there is no reason that it would result from natural differences, such as physiology. Furthermore, the division â€Å"within the workshop implies the undisputed authority of the capitalist over men† (Cap 395), whereas, in the social division of labor, the work ers â€Å"acknowledge no other authority but that of competition† (Cap 395). The division of labor in manufacture is only a particular organization within the natural division of different industries. While social roles may be normal, Marx holds firmly that capitalism is not natural, neutral, or inevitable. For the division in the factory, Marx would count all of Smith’s arguments about the rationality of this mode as increases in efficiency, and thus (usually) of ‘relative surplus value’.

Chemistry thermo lab, Hess’s Law Essay

Introduction: In this lab, we will be determining the change in enthalpy for the combustion reaction of magnesium (Mg) using Hess’s law. Procedure: 1. React about 100 mL of 1.00 M hydrochloric acid with 0.80 g of MgO. Note the change in temperature and any qualitative data. 2. React about 100 mL of 1.00 M hydrochloric acid with 0.50 g of Mg. Note the change in temperature and any qualitative data. Raw Data: Quantitative: Reaction, trial Mass ( ± 0.01 g) Initial temperature ( ± 0.1à ¢Ã‚ ° C) Final temperature ( ± 0.1à ¢Ã‚ ° C) Volume of HCl ( ± 0.05 mL) Reaction 1, Trial 1 0.80 22.0 26.9 100.00 Reaction 1, Trial 2 0.80 22.2 26.9 100.00 Reaction 2, Trial 1 0.50 21.6 44.4 100.00 Reaction 2, Trial 2 0.50 21.8 43.8 100.00 Qualitative: 1. Hydrochloric acid is colorless and odorless 2. Magnesium tape is shiny after cleaning it from oxidants, increasing its purity. 3. In both reactions, the solution became bubbly. 4. There was a strong odor from the reaction. Data Processing: Trial 1: Reaction 1: First, we have to calculate the ΔT by subtracting the final temperature by initial temperature: 1. 2. 3. Now we calculate the mass of the solution, assuming it has the density as water: 1. 2. 3. 4. Now, we can use q=mc ΔT to calculate the energy gained by the solution: 1. 2. 3. Therefore: 1. Now, we have to calculate the number of moles for MgO: 1. 2. 3. We can now calculate the change in enthalpy by dividing the q of the reaction by the moles of the limiting reagent: 1. Now, we do reaction 2, trial 1 so we can use Hess’s law to calculate the change in enthalpy of formation, but first we are going to calculate the uncertainty in this expression: First, we calculate the uncertainty for the: 1. 2. 3. Now for mass: 1. 2. As for the energy gained: 1. 2. Now for the energy of the reaction: 1. It is multiplied by an integer (-1) so it is the same unc. As for the moles: 1. 2. Finally, the change in enthalpy: 1. 2. 3. Reaction 2: First, we have to calculate the ΔT by subtracting the final temperature by initial temperature: 1. 2. Now we calculate the mass of the solution, assuming it has the density as water: 1. 2. 3. Now, we can use q=mc ΔT to calculate the energy gained by the solution: 1. 2. Therefore: 1. Now, we have to calculate the number of moles for MgO: 1. 2. We can now calculate the change in enthalpy by dividing the q of the reaction by the moles of the limiting reagent: 1. I will now calculate the uncertainties: First, we calculate the uncertainty for the: 1. 2. Now for mass: 1. 2. As for the energy gained: 1. 2. Now for the energy of the reaction: 1. It is multiplied by an integer (-1) so it is the same unc. As for the moles: 1. 2. Finally, the change in enthalpy: 1. 2. 3. Now, we use Hess’s law to calculate the change of enthalpy of formation: 1. MgO(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2O(l) 2. Mg (s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2 (g) 3. H2(g) + 0.5 O2(g) H2O(l) (given) By reversing reaction number 1, we can get our targeted reaction: Mg (s) + 0.5 O2(g) MgO(s) Now to calculate the change of enthalpy, which will be the change of enthalpy of formation? 1. 2. Our final result is: 1. Mg (s) + 0.5 O2(g) MgO(s) Random error and percent error: We can calculate the random error by just adding the random errors of the component reactions: 1. 2. 3. As for the percent error: 1. 2. 3. Trial 2: Reaction 1: First, we have to calculate the ΔT by subtracting the final temperature by initial temperature: 1. 2. Now we calculate the mass of the solution, assuming it has the density as water: 1. 2. 3. Now, we can use q=mc ΔT to calculate the energy gained by the solution: 1. 2. 3. Therefore: 1. Now, we have to calculate the number of moles for MgO: 1. 2. 3. We can now calculate the change in enthalpy by dividing the q of the reaction by the moles of the limiting reagent: 1. Now, we do reaction 2, trial 1 so we can use Hess’s law to calculate the change in enthalpy of formation, but first we are going to calculate the uncertainty in this expression: First, we calculate the uncertainty for the: 1. 2. 3. Now for mass: 1. 2. As for the energy gained: 1. 2. Now for the energy of the reaction: 1. It is multiplied by an integer (-1) so it is the same unc. As for the moles: 1. 2. Finally, the change in enthalpy: 1. 2. 3. Reaction 2: First, we have to calculate the ΔT by subtracting the final temperature by initial temperature: 1. 2. Now we calculate the mass of the solution, assuming it has the density as water: 1. 2. 3. Now, we can use q=mc ΔT to calculate the energy gained by the solution: 1. 2. Therefore: 1. Now, we have to calculate the number of moles for MgO: 1. 2. We can now calculate the change in enthalpy by dividing the q of the reaction by the moles of the limiting reagent: 1. I will now calculate the uncertainties: First, we calculate the uncertainty for the: 1. 2. Now for mass: 1. 2. As for the energy gained: 1. 2. Now for the energy of the reaction: 1. It is multiplied by an integer (-1) so it is the same unc. As for the moles: 1. 2. Finally, the change in enthalpy: 1. 2. 3. Now to calculate the change of enthalpy, which will be the change of enthalpy of formation: 1. 2. Our final result is: 1. Mg (s) + 0.5 O2(g) MgO(s) Random error and percent error: We can calculate the random error by just adding the random errors of the component reactions: 1. 2. 3. As for the percent error: 1. 2. 3. Processed data: Trial 1 Trial 2 of reaction 1 -104 kJ/mol ( ± 2.10%) -99 kJ/mol ( ± 2.19%) of reaction 2 -463 kJ/mol ( ± 0.509%) -446 kJ/mol ( ± 0.525%) of MgO -645 kJ/mol ( ± 2.61%) -633 kJ/mol ( ± 2.72%) Conclusion and Evaluation: In this lab, we determined the standard enthalpy change of formation of MgO using Hess’s law. First, we reacted HCl with MgO for the first reaction and got -104 kJ/mol ( ± 2.10%) for trial 1 and -99 kJ/mol ( ± 2.19%) for trial 2. As for reaction 2, where you react, I got -463 kJ/mol ( ± 0.509%) for trial 1 and -446 kJ/mol ( ± 0.525%) for trial 2. When we use Hess’s Law, we have to reverse reaction 1 to get the targeted equation, Mg (s) + 0.5 O2(g) MgO(s), and we get an enthalpy change value of -645 kJ/mol ( ± 2.61%) for trial 1, and -633 kJ/mol ( ± 2.72%) for trial 2. For trial 1, my value got a percent error of 7.14%, which is not that bad considering the weaknesses this lab had that will be discussed in the evaluation. However, in trial 2, I got a better percent error, which is 5.15%, we got a better value because we had a bigger ΔH values thus when adding them (since one of them is positive and the other two is negative) we get a smaller value for the enthalpy change of formation thus bringing us closer to the theoretical value. The biggest weakness in this lab was the impurity of the substances, the assumptions that we made about the HCl solution, for example, we assumed that the specific heat capacity of the solution is the same as water, which is an assumption that is not a 100% accurate and affected our ΔH values for both reactions and eventually our final ΔHf value. To fix this, In the different range of specific heat capacity values, 4.10 j/g k would have been more appropriate to get closer to our theoretical values, as you get a bigger qrxn values thus bigger ΔH values. Another thing that I noticed is that the theoretical value that I got was the â€Å"Standard† enthalpy change of formation. Standard meaning at standard conditions which are at 293 K and 101.3 kPa for pressure. These weren’t the conditions in the lab when I did the experiment. This might alter the experimental value closer to the theoretical value reducing the percent error.

Managing Time And People Commerce Essay

Planning is indispensable in making a new venture. This undertaking remains chiefly on the enterpriser get downing the concern. A good enterpriser demands to hold a assortment of accomplishments in order to be successful. SimVenture which is a concern simulation game, is a good manner of rehearsing these accomplishments. Indeed, learning entrepreneurial and concern accomplishments is one of the chief intents of SimVenture, by leting the users to make and run their ain practical company. SimVenture besides gives the chance to larn how to do efficient determinations in all the different sectors of a concern including selling, human resources, operations, finance, and more. As a concern disposal pupil and possibly future enterpriser, it is cardinal to understand how to successfully run a company and to pattern and trade with diverse accomplishments. I have learned many lessons by utilizing that simulation and many of these will decidedly be utile in my future life and heighten my cognition and personal development. Three of the chief that I have learned are how to pull off clip and people, how to develop a concern theoretical account, and how to research and analyse the market.Pull offing clip and peopleFirst, managing clip and people has been a important lesson that I have learned utilizing SimVenture. An enterpriser ‘s most of import and most hard occupation is to pull off these two constituents. The first constituent of the concern that has to be good managed is people. Get downing a concern is non merely a one individual trade, in the reverse, good developed and directed squads are behind most of the most successful concern start-up. Indeed, developing strong entrepreneurial squads are cardinal to a good functioning venture. It is the enterpriser ‘s undertaking to happen persons that can offer cognition, experience, accomplishments, and, therefore, add up a to the societal capital of their company. Furthermore, one time the good 1s are chosen, employees have to be motivated, leaded, inspired, and encouraged in order to be efficient and to increase their committedness to the company. With SimVenture, I have learned that this procedure is important for a concern, because taking inefficient or unsuitable employees can increase unusually its costs. Besides, the simulation taught me that non merely taking the best campaigner is of import, but particularly giving them the o ccupation place in harmony with what they are the best in. The 2nd constituent of the venture that has to be greatly managed is clip. Effectiveness, productiveness, and efficiency, are facets that can be overly increased if clip is managed right. Particularly during the concern start-up procedure, at every measure of it, clip should be spent on elements that are truly relevant for the creative activity of the company. SimVenture clearly showed that clip can truly be an issue in a company as clip direction was one on the chief jobs that my squad and I had while utilizing the simulation. Sometimes employees were passing clip idle, and some other times, they were non able to complete their undertaking due to miss of clip. In the hereafter, I will cognize that clip is the constituent of a concern that is likely the most indispensable to be good managed in order to be successful.Developing a concern theoretical accountSecond, making a concern theoretical account has been an indispensable lesson that I have learned with SimVenture. Constructing a concern theoretical account can be a really long and hard procedure, because it is a complex, precise, and specific undertaking. However, it is indispensable for a new venture to develop an effectual 1 because it is the bosom of a company. â€Å" Management author Joan Magretta defined a concern theoretical account as â€Å" the narrative that explains how an endeavor plant † † ( Casadesus-Masanell and RicartAA , 2011 ) . Bing portion of a concern scheme, a concern theoretical account is used to stand for nucleus facets of a venture. A concern theoretical account can be separated in five chief characteristics. The first subdivision is understanding the clients and their purchase determination. A client in a purchase determination procedure will go through through some phases before purchasing a merchandise or service. He will research information, seek value, measure alternate, and assess value before doing any determination. Using the simulation, I learned that understanding the clients that are in the mark market can greatly profit the company in doing merchandises in harmony with their demands. Besides, through SimVenture, I realized that clients are the wheels of the concern and that it is aboriginal to do determinations in relation to them. The 2nd characteristic of a concern theoretical account is the value proposition, or the benefits that clients gain. It is really of import for a company to understand and be cognizant of what their clients derive and profit from their merchandises or services. Developing a value proposition relies on analyzing qualitative and quantitative facets and happening a manner to be different from rivals by cognizing who they are and what they do. The value proposition is used to pull clients and guarantee the company ‘s fiscal good health. The 3rd portion of a concern theoretical account is the architecture of the concern. That characteristic describes the construction and the administration of the company. It besides defines how the venture creates and distributes its merchandises and services. The concern architecture discusses whether there is a market or non for what the company is selling, by analyzing the external environment such as geographics. All these different constituents are put together to make value for the clients. Using SimVenture, it was a challenge to do efficient determinations because all the characteristics of the concern and the mark market were to be taken in history. The 4th subdivision is the gross theoretical account of the concern. Its end is for the company to happen a profitable manner to present great value to their clients and fulfilling their demands. In other words, by making better than its rivals, the venture has to pull off its costs and disbursals in order to increase its return on investings. Pricing is besides an of import facet of that phase, so the monetary value should be fixed so that it is high plenty to do net income but non excessively high for the gross revenues to diminish. Furthermore, the company has to make up one's mind which gross mechanism will be adopted and how the benefits will be delivered to their clients. SimVenture taught me that it is indispensable to hold a great cognition of our costs and disbursals in order to repair the monetary value of the merchandise at a profitable degree. The 5th characteristic of the concern theoretical account is the strategic way. The strategic way is how the organisation scheme will be achieve and which actions will be in topographic point to make so. It demonstrate the place that the venture is be aftering to take over its rivals in a long term position. It is besides a projection of where the concern wants to be in a certain sum of old ages. Using SimVenture, I have learned that the strategic program of the concern is ever to be kept in head if you want the long term aims to be achieved. In the simulation, I would hold made different determinations than my squad. In my sentiment, we were believing excessively much about the present month and non plenty of the hereafter of the venture.Researching and analyzing the marketThird, researching and analyzing the market has been a important lesson that I have learned with SimVenture. The market analysis is indispensable to be done at the get downing point of every new venture. It allows the enterpriser to cognize more about the planetary environment of its concern. The market analysis is highly of import because it â€Å" helps specify the nature of the concern and the balance of the program. [ †¦ ] Similarly, the more a start-up understands the demands of its mark market, the more it can fit its merchandise attributes to those demands † ( Barringer, 2009 ) . Indeed, the venture will hold to section the market and choose a mark market. The â€Å" market cleavage is the procedure of spliting a market into distinguishable subsets ( or sections ) that behave in the same manner or have similar demands † ( Barringer, 2009 ) . As the market cleavage was already done in SimVenture, nil was learned from that subdivision. Before choosing a mark market, the company should research and analyze the size and the tendencies of the different market sections. This is critical because a good choice will let the concern to be successful in footings of net income and gross revenues growing. With SimVenture, I have learned that choosing the best market section is one of the most of import things, because if you do n't do a good choice, maintaining a financially healthy company can be debatable in the hereafter. I had trouble choosing the appropriate mark market for the concern. Therefore, what I have learned from that for the hereafter is that a deeper research and analysis of the market and of the sections should be done in order to do the best determination possible.DecisionTo conclude, through SimVenture, I have learned many of import lessons including managing clip and people, making a concern theoretical account, and researching and analyzing the market. The simulation made me cognizant that a concern can c onfront many troubles and that the enterpriser needs the cognition and the ability to do the best determination harmonizing to any state of affairss that can happen. Runing my ain concern for a few hebdomads has decidedly helped me in my personal development, because I would now experience more confident and experient if, in the hereafter, I would make up one's mind to get down my ain company.